JEE Main Syllabus 2027: Subject-Wise Syllabus, Topics & Exam Pattern

Electric Charges and Fields: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law (forces between two point charges and multiple charges), superposition principle, continuous charge distribution; electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field; electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications (infinitely long uniformly charged wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, uniformly charged thin spherical shell).

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance: Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole, and system of charges; potential difference, equipotential surfaces, energy of a system of two point charges and of an electric dipole in an electrostatic field; conductors, insulators, dielectrics, and electric polarization; capacitors and capacitance, series and parallel combinations, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

Biot-Savart Law: Application to current-carrying circular loop; Ampère’s law and applications to infinitely long straight wire and solenoid.

Moving Charges & Magnetism: Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field; force between two parallel current-carrying conductors (definition of ampere); torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, moving coil galvanometer (sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter).

Magnetism and Matter: Current loop as a magnetic dipole, magnetic dipole moment; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, magnetic field due to a dipole along and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field; diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s law, induced EMF and current, Lenz’s law, eddy currents; self and mutual inductance.

Alternating Currents: Peak and RMS values of AC voltage/current, reactance and impedance; series LCR circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, wattless current; AC generator and transformer.

Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula; refraction at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula; total internal reflection and applications; magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact; refraction through a prism; optical instruments: microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave Optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle; laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle; interference, Young’s double-slit experiment (YDSE) and fringe width expression, coherent sources; diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum; polarization, plane-polarized light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroids.

Practical familiarity, observations, and error calculations for standard experiments:

• Vernier calipers: Internal/external diameter and depth of a vessel.

• Screw gauge: Thickness/diameter of a thin sheet or wire.

• Simple pendulum: Dissipation of energy by plotting A^2 vs t.

• Metre scale: Mass of an object using the principle of moments.

• Young’s modulus: Elasticity of a metallic wire.

• Surface tension: Capillary rise method and effect of detergent.

• Viscosity: Terminal velocity of a spherical body in a viscous liquid.

• Speed of sound: Resonance tube at room temperature.

• Specific heat capacity: Method of mixtures for solids and liquids.

• Resistivity: Determination using a metre bridge.

• Galvanometer: Resistance and figure of merit by half-deflection method.

• Focal length: Convex mirror, concave mirror, and convex lens using parallax method.

• Prism: Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence i–delta curve).

• Refractive index: Glass slab using a travelling microscope.

• Semiconductor diodes: Forward/reverse bias characteristics of p-n junction and Zener reverse breakdown.

• Component identification: Diodes, LEDs, resistors, and capacitors from a mixed set.

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory, Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound, Laws of chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, spectrum of the hydrogen atom, Bohr model of a hydrogen atom its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model, dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom and its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions, variation of Psi and Psi^2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals, various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number, rules for filling electrons in orbitals Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements and extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.

Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals, resonance.

Molecular Orbital Theory: Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.

Elementary idea of metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding and its applications.

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, entropy, types of processes.

The first law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess's law of constant heat summation, Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.

The second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes, Delta S of the universe and Delta G of the system as criteria for spontaneity. Delta G^0 (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution — molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law — Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions, Colligative properties of dilute solutions — relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass using colligative properties, abnormal value of molar mass, van 't Hoff factor and its significance.

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.

Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of Delta G and Delta G^0 in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst, Le Chatelier's principle.

Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, solubility products and buffer solutions.

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number and balancing of redox reactions.

Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration, Kohlrausch's law and its applications.

Electrochemical cells: Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement, Nernst equation and its applications, relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change, dry cell and lead accumulator, fuel cells.

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst, elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bi-molecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, $s$, $p$, $d$ and $f$ block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

Group-13 to Group 18 Elements:

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups, unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

Transition Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements — physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4

Inner Transition Elements:

• Lanthanoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and Lanthanoid contraction.

• Actinoids: Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory, ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism, Bonding: Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

Purification: Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography principles and their applications.

Qualitative analysis: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only): Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules — hybridization (s and p): classification of organic compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur, homologous series: Isomerism — structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC).

Covalent bond fission: Homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.

Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.

Alkanes: Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.

Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes: Acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization.

Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene — structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration. Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

General methods of preparation, properties and reactions, nature of C-X bond, mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses, environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers:

• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration.

• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

• Ethers: Structure.

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolff-Kishner and Clemmensen), the acidity of $\alpha$-hydrogen, Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

Carbohydrates: Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).

Proteins: Elementary idea of $\alpha$-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

Vitamins: Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids: Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids.

Hormones: General introduction.

• Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds, detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.

• Chemistry involved in the preparation of:

- Inorganic compounds: Mohr's salt, potash alum.

- Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

• Titrimetric exercises: acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic acid vs KMnO4, Mohr's salt vs KMnO4.

• Qualitative salt analysis: - Cations: (Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+), Anions( Insoluble salts excluded).

• Chemical principles involved in experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4.

2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature